When Egg Meets Sperm, Sparks Fly

Romantic chemistry can be hard to quantify, but when sperm and egg meet, sparks do fly—in the form of billions and billions of zinc atoms, that is.

Every cell in nature (that we know of) contains zinc, but a mammalian egg cell accumulates an unprecedented amount of the element—20 billion atoms—during the 12 hours before ovulation. “Most cells couldn’t take up such a large amount of zinc. They would die,” says Teresa Woodruff, the director of the Women’s Health Institute at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

When a sperm meets an egg, however, the egg releases much of that zinc in a series of bursts. Scientists first discovered these bursts—dubbed “zinc sparks”—in 2012, but they didn’t have a clear picture of exactly how and why they happened. To get a closer look, Woodruff and other researchers from a multidisciplinary team at Northwestern University developed an imaging tool called a molecular probe to visualize and measure zinc sparks in mouse eggs that had just been fertilized. They reported their findings last month in Nature Chemistry.

Hot spots of fluorescence at the cell surface demonstrate how groups of zinc-rich packages are released from the egg upon fertilization, resulting in a “zinc spark.” Credit: Emily Que/Northwestern University

The probe works by binding to “pools” of available zinc within an egg cell and staining them fluorescent green, according to Thomas O’Halloran, director of Northwestern’s Chemistry of Life Processes Institute and another author on the study. “What we found is that these pools were highly concentrated right near the cell surface,” he says.

Specifically, the researchers discovered approximately 8,000 compartments, or vesicles, in each egg, packed with about a million zinc atoms apiece. Once a sperm entered an egg, the team measured over the course of about an hour and a half an average of three to five sparks—each one releasing three to five billion zinc atoms in discrete “hotspots” (watch the video above).

So why does an egg amass so much zinc in the first place, only to release such a vast portion upon fertilization? While other cells typically mature without pause, an egg cell needs to pump the brakes until it’s fertilized—and the zinc likely signals the egg to stop growing. “We think there’s a threshold level of zinc that has to be built up in the [egg] cell to cause this unusual arrest that other cells don’t go through,” says O’Halloran. Once an egg reaches that threshold, it’s ready for a sperm.

Woodruff and O’Halloran (who are married) also say that the zinc could play other roles in the egg, and they hope that these findings will spur further research into the physiology of the egg-to-embryo transition. “We have so little understanding of how that transition occurs,” says Woodruff. “This window into its biology may capture people’s attention to focus on the kind of science that can be done at this really critical stage of development.”